What is that?Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease of the endocrine group.In all patients, inadequate absorption of glucose occurs, which leads to insufficiency of the insulin hormone, which can be relative or absolute.
What should be food?A balanced diet, including a large amount of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, low fat proteins and healthy fats, can help people with diabetes control blood sugar.
General Energy Rules for Diabetes
Today, the incidence of diabetes is one of the most pressing problems in medicine.Statistics show that since 2013 the number of diagnosed patients has doubled.Currently, more than 425 million people suffer from him.The forecast, unfortunately, is sad.It is possible that, after 10 to 12 years, the number of patients in the world is 629 million.
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease of the endocrine group.In all patients, inadequate absorption of glucose occurs, which leads to insufficiency of the insulin hormone, which can be relative or absolute.
As a result, patients develop hyperglycemia, characterized by persistent high blood glucose.Diabetes mellitus leads to a violation of each type of metabolism, namely carbohydrates, fat, protein, mineral and salt.
It is worth noting why reasons the disease develops.When a person has destruction or pancreatic cells destroys, type 1 diabetes mellitus begins to progress.Most of the time, in this situation, the absolute deficiency of insulin occurs.Genetics can also play a role here, as well as several external factors - eating habits, viral diseases, violation of hygiene principles, etc.
With diabetes of the second type, insulin resistance develops.Within this type, insulin deficiency is relative.It is characterized by persistent hyperglycemia.
Regardless of the disease type, all patients have an increase in blood sugar.Cells lack carbohydrates due to their glucose resistance.That is, glucose, instead of entering the cage, only nothing in the blood.
Each patient with diabetes should adhere to a diet prescribed by the assistant doctor.The patient needs to reduce the carbohydrate load by 5-7 %, the amount of fat used should be increased.
Not long ago, the food supply for diabetes meant a complete exclusion of simple carbohydrates.Today, however, the patient's diet is compiled individually, calculated by KBZHU.From the diabetics themselves, you can often hear the following sentence: "With diabetes, there are no strict prohibitions, there is only a healthy lifestyle."
The base of the diet is the glycemic index, which shows the rate with which sugar is absorbed by the blood.
Foods rich in simple carbohydrates have high glycemic index.This includes confectionery products, jams, cookies, etc.That is, their sugar is absorbed rapidly by the blood.Cereals, vegetables and fruits have low index;Consequently, the absorption rate when consumed is reduced.This allows the pancreas to deal with the load more easily.
Important:The patient's diet should mainly include foods with glycemic index below 55. Its degradation occurs gradually and the blood sugar level hardly increases.
Each product has its own insulin index.This indicator shows the amount of insulin that will increase after eating it.The value should be taken into consideration by each patient with diabetes to predict what the body's reaction will be when ingesting a certain food, as well as to correctly calculate insulin dosage as a medicine, short and long action.The injections of the drug are prescribed by a doctor after meals.
No matter what the patient eats, food intake will in any case lead to insulin release.The development of insulin resistance is often determined precisely by the number of so -called “insulin oscillations”.The more there is, the greater the probability of resistance.The latter, in turn, leads to the development of type 2 diabetes. Let's set an example.
Many of us tend to believe that fermented dairy and dairy products, such as cottage, kefir and yogurt cheese, are an ideal snack.In fact, all these products have a very high insulin rate.Thus, its use causes the same balance, which leads to a change in the patient's emotional picture, bad mood and irritability.
Below we will see the basic principles of nutrition for diabetes.
Diet for type 1 diabetes
Proper and balanced nutrition for type 1 diabetes opens up the following opportunities: reduce the risks of strokes, heart attacks and complications, maintain normal blood glucose levels, increase the protective mechanisms of the immune system and eliminate excess weight.If you follow the diet recommended by your doctor, the patient will feel great.
The main rule is to control the blood glucose level;should vary between 3.5 and 5.5 mmol/l.The basic principles of nutrition are as follows:
- No more than 2 thousand kilocalories should be consumed daily.
- Meals are divided into small portions.At least 5 meals a day.
- The diet should not contain pure sucrose, this will help maintain normal glucose levels.
- Most carbohydrates should come in the first half of the day.
- Avoid late meals.
- Maximum exclusion of simple carbohydrates found in roasts, jams, confectionery and honey.
- Use of sweetener.Stevia works very well here.It is important to give preference to products with natural composition.
- Creation of an insulin therapy schedule during meals.A prolonged action drug is administered before meals and a short action medicine is administered later.
- Maintain records of grain units.The value of each meal should not exceed 8 units of bread.
If the patient has a history of gastrointestinal tract diseases, salty, smoked, fatty foods (including broths), coffee, soda, alcohol, mushrooms and canned products should be excluded from their diet.In other words, nothing that promotes excessive secretion of enzymes should be consumed, as they affect the carbohydrate absorption rate.
For diabetics, products are divided into permitted and prohibited.The classification below should be taken into account when compiling a weekly menu.A competent approach will normalize the blood glucose level.Ignoring nutritionists' recommendations can lead to sad consequences.
Products proceeded for type 1 diabetes:
- Cooking prepared without yeast.For example, Lavasc.
- Fruits and fruits.For example, plum, cherry, citrus fruits, apples, pears.
- Soy products (tofu, milk).
- Cereals and cereals (barley, oats, sarracene wheat).
- Vegetarian soups, including pure soups.
- Drinks, including poor carbonated mineral water, berries, sugar -free compounds.
- Vegetables.For example, onion, zucchini, pepper, beet, carrot.
- Nuts.
- Nick -Fed Coffee, Sugar Tea.
Products forbidden for type 1 diabetes:
- Fat soups and broths.
- Noodle.
- Bakery.
- Confectionery.
- Sweets and chocolate.
- Fast Food dishes, semi -agreed products.
- Alcohol.A special ban is red dessert wine.
- Smoked, sharp, strongly salty.
- Gradous meat, in particular pork, lamb, duck.
- Fat fish.For example, mackerel.
It is important that diet products have a minimum degree of processing during preparation.
It is advisable to eat vegetables and raw fruits, but in stew, cooked or roasted - is also allowed.Fried foods are not recommended by doctors.
If the patient practices sports, during the period of intense loads, foods can be adjusted as training leads to higher carbohydrate consumption.
To avoid a hyperglycemic coma, it is recommended that the patient in his diet include plant products, which reduces blood glucose.It can be, for example, a cutile or roseira tea decoction.
Important:In the presence of a disease, the patient should adhere to an individual diet prescribed by the medical-endocrinologist and not to the general recommendations.If in an insulin patient, the body mass index indicates obesity, its daily calorie should be 1200 to 1400 kcal.If there is no need for weight correction, the daily calorie rate increases.
Type 2 diabetes diet
The type 2 diabetes power supply is based on the following bases:
- Sugar substitutes are an alternative to refined carbohydrates.
- Proteins should be 20% of the diet, fats - 30%, carbohydrates - 50%.
- Animal fat consumption should be reduced to 50 %.
The daily calorie rate depends on how much energy the patient spends during the day as well as in their weight.It is necessary that during the day there are 5 meals, dishes for which they are cooked in steam or served.
As diabetics have increased kidney sensitivity, you cannot overdo it with protein products.The diet should include products that help improve fat metabolism.This includes bran, rosehihy flowers, vegetable oils, cereals, fermented dairy products.
To understand the effectiveness of the diet, the patient receives blood sugar tests with a certain frequency.The first blood fence is made with an empty stomach, near two hours.If the results differ from normal indicators, the doctor adjusts the patient's diet and also changes the dose of medications.
The type 2 diabetes power supply does not differ much from the eating habits of people who adhere to a healthy lifestyle.Those and others feed on small portions, but usually.The recommended number of meals per day is 5, they include 3 main meals, each of which is 5-8 units of bread and 2 snacks equal to 1-2 units of bread.
You cannot ignore breakfast, it is very important for rational meals.It is necessary to eat at least every 4 hours, the last meal is the late one and a half before bed.Following the above recommendations, there is excellent prevention of cardiovascular system diseases, eye injuries (retinopathy), kidneys (nephropathy), as well as the nervous system (neuropathy).
Useful products for diabetes mellitus
Red-haired
Ginger has a positive effect on metabolism, normalizes the patient's blood glucose indicators and improves blood clotting.It is advisable to use it daily.
Whole grains
Products such as wholemeal bread, movie seeds and brown rice prevent the development of diabetes.Normalization of blood glucose level due to its use can be explained by a sufficient amount in the composition of the fiber.Because whole grains create a sugar jump barrier, with a special desire to eat something with a high glycemic index, you must definitely add carbohydrates complex to the dish.
Cinnamon
Cinnamon helps improve cell sensitivity to insulin.This seasoning participates in insulin level regulation.In addition, it normalizes blood pressure, so it is recommended to use it not only for diabetics, but also to hypertension.
Citrus
Any citrus fruits have antioxidants.They also normalize the insulin level.
Nuts
The walnuts contain a large amount of mono -saturated fats and magnesium.Statistics show that patients with diabetes who regularly eat nuts suffer less than others due to glucose jumps.
Oil
The use of olive oil is an excellent prevention of diseases of the cardiovascular system.Furthermore, the product regulates blood glucose levels.
Fish
The fish is the source of omega-3.These fatty acids should be a mandatory component of nutrition in diabetes.They synthesize the red blood cells as well as cell membranes, positively affect the absorption of vitamins and minerals with the body, reduce inflammation and prevent the development of insulin resistance.
Legumes
Legumes are another stabilizer of blood glucose levels in the patient's blood.It practically does not contain saturated fats, which are harmful to the cardiovascular system.
Green leafy vegetables
Lettuce, spinach and all types of cabbage are the basis of nutrition for diabetes.These products have few calories, but at the same time contain sufficient amount of useful substances.The latter include vitamin C, beta carotene and magnesium.These elements prevent the development of type 2 diabetes in 14%.The recommended dosage is 106 grams per day.
Prohibited foods for diabetes
Today, doctors consider that there is no need to strictly limit the diet of patients with diabetes.Patients can afford to eat tasty and varied foods, but there are a number of foods from which it is still recommended to refrain, not only for diabetics, but also for all supporters of a healthy lifestyle.
Some fruits
Some dried fruits and fruits cause increased blood glucose levels.These include dried apricots, dates, figs, raisins, strands, melons, grapes, bananas.
Trans fats
Fast food menu items, as well as margarines and confectionery, are rich in trans fats.They hurt not only your health but also your body.
Semi -Acabados Products
Semi -infinated products are prepared using additives such as aromas, stabilizers, flavor amplifiers.It is not especially recommended to buy fish toothpicks, chokes, meatballs, sausages, dumplings and sausage in stores.If you really want, it is better to cook them yourself.
Fatty foods
Fat food causes blood sugar.The diabetes power supply should not include ducks, pork, lamb, lard, mayonnaise and fat dairy.
Bakery
The roasted roast should also be deleted.Includes bakery products, muffins and cookies.
Sweet
It is necessary to abandon sugar in its pure form as well as products that contain it in large quantities.Under the prohibition: ice cream, milk chocolate, marmalade, dumbbell, jam, jam and other sweets.
Table No. 9 for diabetes
In the first quarter of the twentieth century, 15 diets were developed for diabetics and patients with other diseases.Its authorship belongs to a well -known nutritionist.Despite the fact that today his system is outdated, he has not lost its effectiveness, so today many doctors still use it.
A place for patients with type 2 diabetes - in 9 tables.Table 9 is based on the same principles used today: partial or complete rejection of rapid carbohydrates, special attention to proteins and fiber.
The diet can still be used, although it has been created over 100 years ago, but endocrinologists make their own adjustments, depending on the patient's condition.
Diet for Gestational Diabetes
Gestational diabetes is a consequence of a malformation of a pregnant woman's pancreas.As a rule, this condition is easy to control.The main rule is to eat rationally.
- Do not consume sugar, cakes, cakes, sdoba, fruits with high sugar, as well as replacement of sugar and products that contain it.
- BJU should have the following proportions - 30 %, 20 %, 50 %.
- It is necessary to drink daily from 1.5 to 2 liters of drinking water.
- Include starch products in the diet, including cereals, vegetables, battles, beets, radish and fermented dairy products.
- Fresh fruit is perfect for a snack.
- The total number of meals is 5, of which 3 are the main snacks and 2.
- Do not ignore the use of vitamin complexes for mothers with expectations.
- To reduce sugar, drink plant decoctions: celery, linden, lilac, blueberries and beans.
- Refuse or limit caffeine in the diet.The number of portions of tea and coffee should not exceed 2 daily.
Diabetes mellitus in children
The main causes of the development of diabetes in children are a hereditary predisposition or lack of rational nutrition.In the latter case, we are talking about the abuse of simple and sweet carbohydrates.In some cases, diabetes in a child appears as a result of mental or physical trauma.Treatment is selected individually depending on the severity of the disease, the main role is played by nutrition and the introduction of insulin, if we are talking about type 1 diabetes.
The nutrition of children in diabetes should include vegetables: cabbage, onion, spinach and garlic.There are fruits, but only those that contain a minimum amount of sugar.Low -fat meat, birds and fish are also allowed.Dairy products - as long as they have a low percentage of fat content.Allowed spices that increase protein absorption are acceptable.
Confectionery and sweet fruits - under a strict prohibition.Rice is also recommended to be deleted.
Participating doctors teach parents of their smaller patients to calculate the amount of bread units and insulin dose.IMPORTANT: The sooner the child learns to do so on his own, the better.
Alcohol for diabetes mellitus
Alcohol is recommended to strictly limit if it is not possible to completely abandon its use.How much alcohol A patient with diabetes can be caused by a patient is determined by the assistant doctor.
Alcohol in a small amount is allowed, but here it is important to remember some things.
The strongest alcohol, more calories in it.There are 710 kilocalories per 100 grams of pure alcohol, and this is not much smaller than in fats.Any alcohol drink also has energy value, also has carbohydrates.A glass of beer is about 200 kilocalories and a glass of wine is about 100.
Why isn't it recommended to drink alcohol?The fact is that it causes sugar heels and can lead to hypoglycemia, ie a sharp decrease in glucose levels.When drinking alcohol, alcohol enters the liver, the organ spends its energy on the collapse of alcohol molecules and forgets that it also needs to release glucose.To prevent this from happening, it is best to take alcohol during meals or immediately after eating.
By the way, some scientists are the opinion that alcohol in reasonable quantities not only does not harm, but also has little benefit for patients with type 2 diabetes.
It is important to remember that alcohol causes the growth of glucose levels, its regular use can lead to the development of second type diabetes.
Also, many drugs cannot be combined with alcohol.Among them are insulin and sulfonylmochevine.This combination can cause strong hyperglycemia.
How to drink alcohol suffering from diabetes?
- Consider the caloric content of alcohol along with the usual diet.
- Give preference to low calorie drinks where there are few calories.
- Do not drink with an empty stomach.
- Eat alcohol.
- Control the blood glucose level.
- In a company where you drink alcohol, warn about your illness.That people are ready to provide emergency assistance if necessary.
- Do not mix alcohol and medicine.